by Sam Rule and Dylan LeClair
The massive growth in hash rate has some speculating on who’s behind such a sizable increase. An update of public bitcoin miners and a new metric for using hash rate to evaluate the bitcoin cycle.
Hash Rate On The Move
The Bitcoin network hash rate is on the move this year, now at an all-time high of 350 EH/s and up 36.7% YTD. Hash rate has been following the surge in price, which is the likely result of more machines coming online at a more profitable price point. In 2022, there was a lot of unused, newer inventory of ASICs that sat idle at lower bitcoin prices and have now made their way onto the network as public miners continued to expand, most noticeably in companies like Marathon Digital Holdings, Riot Platforms and Cipher Mining Technologies.
The surge in hash rate is a result of longer-term investment and expansion decisions that are now materializing after a time lag. As noted, some miners kept their machines on the sidelines while the bitcoin price was lower and less profitable to mine. Another possibility, according to an analysis from Miner Mag, suggests a high share of miner rig imports into the U.S. in January may have played a significant role in the expansion of hash rate. Those shipments have since slowed down, which may indicate an upcoming period of cooling off after this recent hash rate growth. Estimating the breakdown and contributions of factors on why exactly the hash rate is rising is always layered in nuance.
Although we’re due for another round of public miner monthly production updates over the next couple weeks, hash rate in aggregate continued to steadily rise over the last few months while bitcoin holdings continued to decline. When we use the reported numbers for public miners’ hash rate at the end of February, the 292 EH/s at the end of February and the 350 EH/s online today, we conclude that public miners make up somewhere between 20% to 25% of total network hash rate on a given day. That’s likely a low estimate considering there are some smaller public miners we’re not tracking and public miner data is released periodically.
March production updates will provide more insight on which public miners made the largest expansion moves over the last month.
Note: We’ve added more miners to these tables so the total comparison for hash rate over won’t compare perfectly with our historical data.
Many are opining on hash rate hitting all-time highs nearly day after day (when using various moving averages to account for variability), but this level of growth isn’t out of the norm for bitcoin on a historical basis — although it is quite impressive as the absolute level of hash rate reaches numbers almost unfathomable only a few short years ago.
Three-month hash rate growth is at a staggering 53%. There are only two times that can compare: the 2021 post-China-ban boom in mining and then in 2019, when there was massive growth in network hash rate after new hash rate finally came online after the orders were fulfilled from the previous bull market in 2017 and infrastructure was built out.
While most mining stocks have outperformed bitcoin by a wide margin in 2023, this can generally be attributed to two rather simple factors:
- Mining equities are much more volatile than bitcoin due to various factors, including:
- Public equities trading at a multiple of future cash flows (sat flows anyone?).
- Potential balance sheet leverage.
- ASICs and other operational infrastructure being priced as bitcoin derivatives.
- Much smaller market capitalizations, less global access to capital, more illiquidity.
- Since the start of the year, price growth has exceeded hash rate growth, meaning hash price has risen. In our mining updates, we often revisit our over-simplified framework for bitcoin mining investing:
- Hash price bull market = Bitcoin miners outperform bitcoin.
- Hash price bear market = Bitcoin miners underperform bitcoin.